Judicial capacity is often expanded on the assumption that more judges will lead to better justice outcomes, yet comparative and longitudinal evidence suggests that this relationship is neither linear nor automatic. Countries with similar population sizes and levels of development display wide…

1. Introduction: Why the Sea Has Become Central to Global Drug Trafficking Maritime routes have become the primary artery of global drug trafficking, particularly in relation to cocaine. Contemporary trafficking networks rely overwhelmingly on the sea not only because of its capacity…

Managing Cross-Border Family Disputes Involving Türkiye: Divorce, Custody, Maintenance, and Asset-Related Conflicts International family law disputes involving Türkiye are inherently complex, shaped by multiple jurisdictions, applicable laws, and enforcement systems operating simultaneously. Turkish courts play a central role through MÖHUK, Hague Conventions,…

Visa-Free Travel for Chinese Citizens to Türkiye: Legal Basis, Scope, and Practical Compliance The visa exemption introduced in 2026 allows citizens of the People’s Republic of China holding ordinary passports to enter Türkiye without a visa for tourism and transit purposes for…

  Fatherhood claims in Türkiye operate at the intersection of biological reality, legal status, and procedural discipline. Turkish law treats fatherhood not merely as a genetic fact but as a legally constructed relationship governed by strict sequencing and standing rules. Existing filiation…

Legal risk in Türkiye increasingly develops through enforcement practice, investigative activity, and judicial interpretation rather than through formal legislative change alone. Systematic monitoring of investigations, indictments, and regulatory actions enables early identification of emerging risk areas. Analysis of published judicial decisions demonstrates…

Formal certification of passports and primary identity documents remains a critical legal requirement in many international administrative, regulatory, and professional procedures. Despite advances in digital identity tools, authorities worldwide continue to rely on certified copies to ensure reliability, traceability, and legal accountability…

Legal Opinion Letters for Apple App Store Review in Türkiye: Regulatory Expectations and Turkish Law Assessment Apple App Store review processes increasingly require developers to submit legal opinion letters where an application’s functionality may intersect with financial regulation or digital assets. This…

Encrypted Communications, Sky ECC Intercepts and International Data Sharing Sky ECC and similar encrypted-communication operations have transformed the way serious crime is investigated, revealing how electronic evidence now plays a central role in cross-border law enforcement. The interception of encrypted platforms demonstrates…

Money laundering in Türkiye operates within a dense legal and institutional framework shaped by international treaties, FATF standards, and domestic criminal law, reflecting the country’s role as a regional trade and financial hub. It involves concealing, converting, transferring, or disguising criminal proceeds…