Carrying and Using Pepper Spray in Türkiye: Legal Status, Commercial Compliance and Criminal Liability Pepper spray is legally sold and carried by civilians in Türkiye and is not classified as a firearm under Turkish law. However, when used offensively, courts treat it…

Firearms Manufacturing in Türkiye: Export Controls, Sanctions Exposure and Cross-Border Structuring The firearms manufacturing and export sector in Türkiye operates within a highly regulated legal framework that integrates industrial licensing, export authorization, and national security oversight. Companies in this field must comply…

The 2025 Corruption Perceptions Index and Türkiye: Rule of Law, Governance Predictability, and Investment Risk The 2025 Corruption Perceptions Index ranks 182 countries by perceived levels of public sector corruption, and Türkiye’s score of 31 places it 124th globally, reflecting a continued…

Sex Trafficking and Forced Labor in Türkiye: Legal Framework, Judicial Practice, and Structural Challenges Sex trafficking and forced labor in Türkiye operate at the intersection of organized crime, irregular migration, gender-based violence, and labor exploitation, demanding both legal precision and institutional coordination.…

Why Femicide Persists in Turkey: Mapping Abuse Trajectories, Institutional Failure Points, and Prevention Strategies Domestic violence and femicide in Turkey represent systemic failures of prevention rather than isolated criminal acts. Empirical data, judicial patterns, and documented case trajectories show that most femicides…

Judicial capacity is often expanded on the assumption that more judges will lead to better justice outcomes, yet comparative and longitudinal evidence suggests that this relationship is neither linear nor automatic. Countries with similar population sizes and levels of development display wide…

1. Introduction: Why the Sea Has Become Central to Global Drug Trafficking Maritime routes have become the primary artery of global drug trafficking, particularly in relation to cocaine. Contemporary trafficking networks rely overwhelmingly on the sea not only because of its capacity…

Managing Cross-Border Family Disputes Involving Türkiye: Divorce, Custody, Maintenance, and Asset-Related Conflicts International family law disputes involving Türkiye are inherently complex, shaped by multiple jurisdictions, applicable laws, and enforcement systems operating simultaneously. Turkish courts play a central role through MÖHUK, Hague Conventions,…

Visa-Free Travel for Chinese Citizens to Türkiye: Legal Basis, Scope, and Practical Compliance The visa exemption introduced in 2026 allows citizens of the People’s Republic of China holding ordinary passports to enter Türkiye without a visa for tourism and transit purposes for…

  Fatherhood claims in Türkiye operate at the intersection of biological reality, legal status, and procedural discipline. Turkish law treats fatherhood not merely as a genetic fact but as a legally constructed relationship governed by strict sequencing and standing rules. Existing filiation…